Expressing Cause & Effect

Expressing Cause & Effect Relationship

1.    Adverb clause

Words used to express these relationships are :

Because, since, for, as, now that, as long as, so long as and inasmuch as

§      The teacher was angry with him because he smoked in class.

§      I don’t buy it since it is costly.

§      She sold her motorcycle for she needed much money.

§      As it rained last night, the road is very slippery.

§      Now that I’m free, I will go to the cinema with him.

§      As long as the meal is ready, let’s have lunch now.

§      So long as Maya is here, why don’t we ask her to sing a song.

§      I didn’t finish the test inasmuch as the time is very limited.

2.      Prepositions

Words used to express these relationships are :

Because of, Due to and Due to the fact that.

§      Because of the loud noise, we all woke up.

§      I didn’t buy the fridge due to its expensive price.

§      I will stay at home due to the fact that it’s raining heavily.

3.      Transitions

The common transitions are : Therefore (oleh karena itu ) and

Consequently ( akibatnya)

§      I didn’t have breakfast. Therefore, i’m very hungry.

§      The weather was bad. Consequently, We didn’t go to swim.

4.      Conjunctions

Some common conjunctions are : So, So <adj> that, So <adv> that, Such a <NP> that and Such..that

§      She study abroad, so she is very smart.

§      The child is so naughty that no one likes him.

§      He drove so carefully that he reached there safely.

§      It is such a good film that I have watched it three times.

§      It was such nice milk that i drank up two glasses.

Showing Oppositions ( Unexpected result )

1.      Adverb clause

Words used to express these oppositions are :

Even though, Although, and Though ( walaupun )

©      Even though the test was difficult, I could finish it punctually.

©      I still love him although he has made me dissapointed.

©      My father wasn’t angry with me though i got home very late.

2.      Prepositions

Words used to express these oppositions are :

Despite and In spite of

©      Despite the bad weather, i went out with my friends.

©      I had to sleep in the room despite the noisy.

©      In spite of the slippery road, Jim was driving very fast.

©      Nia is a humble girl in spite of her beauty.

3.      Transitions

Words used to express these oppositions are :

Nevertheless, Nonetheless, and However ( meskipun begitu )

©      The woman is very old. Nevertheless, she still work hard in the field.

©      It was cloudy. Nonetheless, Tino asked me to take a walk.

©      Dita doesn’t earn much money here. However, she enjoys working in this film.

4.      Conjunctions

Words used to express these oppositions are :

But...anyway, But....still, and Yet...still

©      The mango wasn’t ripe, but he ate it anyway.

©      The shoes are very expensive, but he still wants to buy them.

©      Shelly was sick, yet she still went to work yesterday.

Reducing Clauses to Phrases

REDUCING CLAUSES TO PHRASES

• Clause is a group of related words that  contain a subject and a verb.
• Phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.

In English, a clause can be reduced to a phrase by modifying certain forms.

Adjective clause     → →       Adjective phrase

Adverb clause        → →       Adverb phrase

A. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adj. Phrases

    It can be done when the clause modifies   subjective nouns/pronouns using the relative pronouns: who, which, or that.

There are two ways to do it:

1. Omit the relative pronouns and the form of be.

          Examples:

a.    The child who is looking at me is my son. (clause)

   The child looking at me is my son.           (phrase) 

b. The topic that was discussed is boring. (clause)

    The topic discussed is boring.             (phrase)

c. That is the shirt which is suitable for you.

   That is the shirt suitable for you.

d. The old house that is in the corner is his.

    The old house in the corner is his.

2. Omit the pronoun and change the verb to –ing

    form if there is no be used to form the clause.

Examples:

a.    I like a job which deals with many people.

   I like a job dealing with many people.

b.    The man who stole my bag is over there.

   The man stealing my bag is over there.

c.     A little girl who wins the singing contest is Gita.

   A little girl winning the singing contest is Gita.

A. Reducing Adverb Clauses to Adv. Phrases

    It can be done only when the subjects of both sub clause and main clause refer to the same person.

Forms of Adverb Clauses which are usually reduced are:

1.    Adverb Clause of Time

2.    Expressions of “During the same Time”

3.    Expressions of Cause and Effect Relationships

Changing Adverb Clauses Time to Modifying Phrases

   This kind of clause is usually introduced by:   after, before, while, and since. 

a.    Before Tom studied abroad, he took an English course.

      Before studying abroad, Tom took an English course.  

b.    Since Marry moved here, she has got a lot of friends.

     Since moving here, Marry has got a lot of friends.

c.     After he (had) sold his house, he built a new one.

     Ö After selling his house, he built a new one.

     Ö After having sold his house, he built a new one. 

2.   Expressions of “During the Same Time”

   This kind of clause is usually introduced by:  while.

Examples:

a.    While Mr. Harry was explaining the lesson, he wrote on the blackboard. (clause)

     While explaining the lesson, Mr. Harry wrote on the blackboard. (phrase) 

b.    While Ann was sitting in the class, she fell asleep.

        While sitting in the class, Ann fell asleep.

   Expressions of Cause and Effect Relationships

   This kind of clause is usually introduced by:  because.

Examples:

a.    Because he lives near a river, he can swim well. (clause)

   Living near a river, he can swim well. (phrase) 

b.     Because Via is a nurse, she deals with patients.

    Being a nurse, Via deals with patients.

c.     Because he had watched the film twice, he didn’t want to watch it again.

   Having watched the film twice, he didn’t want to watch it again. 

Expressions with “upon + ing”  is also used as modifying phrases

Examples:

1. When I arrived at the station, I met my old friend. (Clause)

            Upon arriving at the station, I met my old friend. (Phrase)

b.      When she heard a loud knock on the door, she woke up her parents.

            Upon hearing a loud knock on the door, she   woke up her parents.

Sometimes the word upon is shortened to on, without changing the meaning.

v  Upon reaching the temple, I bought some  tickets for my friends.

            On reaching the temple, I bought some tickets for my friends.